Прэмія Вольфа па фізіцы

for her explorations of the weak interaction, helping establish the precise form and the non-conservation of parity for this natural force.

for his discovery, jointly with the late S. A. Goudsmit, of the electron spin.

for his contributions to the discoveries of electron pair production and of the charged pion.

for pathbreaking developments culminating in the general theory of the critical behavior at transitions between the different thermodynamic phases of matter.

for their outstanding contributions to theoretical physics, especially in the development and application of the quantum theory of fields.

for their experimental discovery of unexpected new particles establishing a third generation of quarks and leptons.

for his discovery of nuclear spin echoes and for the phenomenon of self-induced transparency.

for his development of the utilization of the transmission electron microscope as a universal instrument to study the structure of crystalline matter.

for his realization of the first operating laser, the pulsed three level ruby laser.

for their major contributions to the fundamental theory of solids, especially of the behaviour of electrons in metals.

for his pioneering theoretical studies demonstrating the universal character of non-linear systems, which has made possible the systematic study of chaos.

for his brilliant experimental demonstration of the transition to turbulence and chaos in dynamic systems.

for pioneering investigations in solar X-rays.

for the discovery of extra-solar X-ray sources and the elucidation of their physical processes.

for their brilliant development of the theory of general relativity, in which they have shown the necessity for cosmological singularities and have elucidated the physics of black holes. In this work they have greatly enlarged our understanding of the origin and possible fate of the Universe.

for a wide variety of pioneering contributions to our understanding of the organization of complex condensed matter systems, de Gennes especially for his work on macromolecular matter and liquid crystals and Thouless for his on disordered and low-dimensional systems.

for their separate seminal contributions to nuclear and particle physics, particularly those concerning the weak interactions involving leptons.

for his discovery of an orbiting radio pulsar and its exploitation to verify the general theory of relativity to high precision.

by recognizing the widespread occurrence of fractals and developing mathematical tools for describing them, he has changed our view of nature.

for his contributions to the theory of superconductivity and to the theory of high-energy processes in astrophysics.

for his contribution to elementary particle theory, including recognition of the role played by spontaneous symmetry breaking in analogy with superconductivity theory, and the discovery of the color symmetry of the strong interactions.

for his seminal contributions to black holes physics, to quantum gravity, and to the theories of nuclear scattering and nuclear fission.

for the discovery of quantum topological and geometrical phases, specifically the Aharonov–Bohm effect, the Berry phase, and their incorporation into many fields of physics.

for the experimental discovery of quasi-crystals, non-periodic solids having long-range order, which inspired the exploration of a new fundamental state of matter.

for their pioneering observations of astronomical phenomena by detection of neutrinos, thus creating the emerging field of neutrino astronomy.

for key insights into the broad range of condensed matter physics: Leggett on superfluidity of the light helium isotope and macroscopic quantum phenomena; and Halperin on two- dimensional melting, disordered systems and strongly interacting electrons.

for pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles.

for groundbreaking work in atomic physics of hydrogenic systems, including research on the hydrogen maser, Rydberg atoms and Bose–Einstein condensation.

for their independent discovery of the giant magnetoresistance phenomenon (GMR), thereby launching a new field of research and applications known as spintronics, which utilizes the spin of the electron to store and transport information.

for their fundamental conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, specifically an increasingly sophisticated series of tests of Bell's inequalities, or extensions thereof, using entangled quantum states.

for their development of aberration-corrected electron microscopy, allowing the observation of individual atoms with picometer precision, thus revolutionizing materials science.

for his work on black holes.

for groundbreaking theoretical contributions to quantum information processing, quantum optics and the physics of quantum gases.

for predicting scaling in deep inelastic scattering, leading to identification of nucleon's pointlike constituents. He made a crucial contribution for elucidating the nature of the strong force.

for creating the group, environment and directions that allowed his graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to uncover the acceleration in the expansion of the universe.

for his work in mesoscopic physics – a branch of physics that studies objects that are smaller than macroscopic (visible to the naked eye) objects but bigger than atoms.

for the discovery of an exoplanet

for their collaborative work in the rapidly expanding field of quantum information science.

for pioneering theoretical and experimental work on twisted bilayer graphene.

for ground-breaking discoveries in disordered systems, particle physics and statistical physics.

for pioneering contributions to ultrafast laser science and attosecond physics.